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Japan Expands Free Trade Agreements to Bolster Security

Japan is intensifying its pursuit of new free trade agreements (FTAs) to bolster economic security and resilience amid a turbulent global trade environment. Already covering 80% of its trade through major agreements like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Japan continues to seek additional FTAs.

In 2024, Japan relaunched FTA negotiations with the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, began talks with Bangladesh, and is consulting to start negotiations with South America’s Mercosur. Prime Minister Fumio Kishida also agreed to restart trilateral FTA talks with China and South Korea. Despite the modest economic gains expected from these new agreements, Japan aims to enhance geoeconomic benefits and secure supply chains, particularly for natural resources.

Japan Expands Free Trade Agreements to Bolster Economic Security

The COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted vulnerabilities in global supply chains, increasing Japan’s focus on securing essential inputs. Japan has made strides in this area with the 2024 Supply Chain Agreement under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework and a Critical Minerals Agreement with the U.S. However, FTAs remain crucial for connecting with resource-rich regions like the Middle East and South America.

Japan’s FTA strategy also addresses global protectionism and economic coercion. With increasing protectionist tendencies in the U.S., Europe, and the Global South, Japan’s FTAs are vital for maintaining an open global trade regime. The resumption of China-Japan-South Korea trilateral FTA negotiations aims to integrate CPTPP rules on subsidies, state-owned enterprises, and digital commerce, countering China’s trade practices and promoting a rules-based order.

As Japan navigates a complex geopolitical landscape, its evolved FTA strategy is key to addressing supply chain issues and resisting economic coercion, underpinning its economic stability and growth.

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